Permanent resident vs citizen

Difference between permanent resident and citizen 

The difference between a permanent resident and a citizen is that while a permanent resident shares many of the same rights as a citizen, including the ability to reside, work, and study indefinitely, they typically cannot vote, hold the country's passport, or run for public office. 

Citizenship grants full legal rights, such as government support abroad, guaranteed access to public services, and protection under the country's laws and institutions. Permanent residents, on the other hand, do not receive the same legal rights. For example, they cannot access diplomatic support if travelling overseas, authorities can revoke their legal status more easily, and they may face eligibility restrictions for some social security benefits or government employment. 

Citizenship is generally irrevocable except in rare cases, such as renunciation, fraudulent acquisition, or treason. Conversely, authorities can more easily rescind permanent resident status. Reasons for removal can include criminal convictions, failure to meet residency requirements, extended absences, or misrepresentation in applications. 

Obtaining permanent residency is often more straightforward, awarded with the backing of an employer or family, or by making a significant investment in the country. On the other hand, gaining citizenship is typically a longer and more complex process, involving several years of (often continuous) residency, language and civic tests, and a demonstrated commitment to the country. 

Is nationality the same as citizenship?

Nationality and citizenship are not the same, but they are closely related. Citizenship is a legal status granted by a country, which confers specific rights and responsibilities, including the right to reside, work, and vote. On the other hand, nationality refers to a person's legal belonging, often based on birth or heritage, and generally includes the same rights and responsibilities as citizenship. Nationality reflects identity, origin, and connection, while citizenship defines a person's legal status.

Some countries acknowledge a person as a national without granting full citizenship. A person may have recognised ethnic, cultural, or historical ties to a country but lack the legal rights associated with citizenship. For example, British Overseas Territories citizens, who are British nationals, do not have the same full citizenship rights as those living in the UK. 

Permanent resident meaning

A permanent resident can live in a country for a defined period without being a citizen. Successful applicants typically hold a residence permit or residence card (known as a green card in the US), which allows them to work, study, and access most public services, albeit without full political rights.

Some nations grant permanent residency with conditions, such as maintaining employment, investing in the country, or meeting a minimum residence duration. 

Permanent residents enjoy many of the same day-to-day rights as citizens, such as healthcare access, unemployment benefits, and limited legal protection. For many, permanent residency provides long-term stability and a sense of belonging. It allows residents to plan their future and apply for citizenship once they meet the eligibility requirements. 

However, authorities could revoke their status or deport them for any of the following reasons: 

• Leaving the country for long periods, either continuously or within a defined period. 
• Breaking the law. 
• Committing immigration fraud (e.g., a sham marriage) when applying for residency. 
• Failing to meet residency requirements, such as not renewing their permanent residency. 
• Posing a threat to national security. 

Citizen meaning

A citizen is, by law, a full member of a country, usually acquired at birth, by descent, or through naturalisation. Citizens enjoy complete rights and responsibilities, including full protection from the government, and the ability to apply for a passport. Citizens can participate in political processes, including voting and running for public office. 

All citizens must obey the country's laws and contribute to society, including paying taxes and, in some cases, participating in compulsory military service. Citizens can generally live and work anywhere in the country without restriction and are usually not subject to deportation. 

Here are some more rights and duties of a typical citizen: 

• Serve on a jury: participate in the judicial system by helping to deliver fair and impartial verdicts in legal cases. 
• Respect others: act in ways that uphold the freedoms, dignity, and safety of your fellow citizens. 
• Protect public property: respect and help maintain shared resources and infrastructure. 
• Report unlawful activity: notify authorities of crimes or threats to public safety. 
• Stay informed: keep updated with your civic duties, public affairs, and government regulations. 
• Protect the environment: use resources responsibly and support efforts to preserve natural surroundings. 
• Access public education: ensure your children receive schooling (usually between the ages of 5 and 16) to develop knowledge, skills, and civic awareness.
• Exercise freedom of expression: share opinions, ideas, and beliefs openly, within the law. 
• Own property: the legal right to possess, manage, and transfer assets. 
• Seek justice: use the legal system to defend one's rights or resolve disputes.